A Short History of Zemun: From Habsburg Border Town to Belgrade Neighbourhood

Walk from New Belgrade into Zemun and the city changes before any sign announces it.

Broad blocks and boulevards give way to a compact centre of low houses, narrow streets, Baroque church towers and a hill rising above the Danube.

That difference is not a decorative attempt to create an “old town.” Zemun developed as a separate town for centuries. While Belgrade across the rivers belonged to the Ottoman Empire and later became the capital of modern Serbia, Zemun spent roughly two hundred years under Habsburg rule, much of that time as a regulated military frontier community.

Zemun had its own administration, quarantine complex, port, guilds, schools, hospitals, religious communities and civic centre before it became part of Belgrade. Administrative integration came in stages during the twentieth century, and the two urban areas became physically continuous only as New Belgrade expanded after the Second World War.

Why does Zemun feel different from Belgrade? Zemun feels different because it developed independently under different states and administrative systems. Its best-preserved centre was largely formed during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a Habsburg frontier town facing Ottoman and later Serbian Belgrade. Zemun lost its separate municipal status in 1934, after its street plan, institutions and local identity had already taken shape.

This history explains the architecture and atmosphere. For a practical walking route, restaurants, river views and current visitor information, use our separate Things to Do in Zemun guide.

Zemun History at a Glance

Date or period	What happened	Why it matters
Ancient period	Celtic and Roman Taurunum developed near present-day Zemun	Establishes a settlement distinct from Singidunum
Medieval period	A fortified settlement occupied Gardoš	Explains the surviving fortress remains beneath the later tower
1456	John Hunyadi died at Zemun after the defence of Belgrade	His memory later became attached to Gardoš Tower
1521	Ottoman forces captured Zemun during the campaign against Belgrade	Brought both river settlements under Ottoman rule
1717–1718	Habsburg forces took Zemun; the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the transfer	Began two centuries of Habsburg development
1730	The Kontumac quarantine was established	Made Zemun a controlled gateway into Habsburg territory
1739	The Treaty of Belgrade fixed the frontier opposite Ottoman Belgrade	Made the border central to Zemun’s economy and identity
1746	Zemun entered the Military Frontier	Placed it under a distinctive military-administrative system
Mid-18th century	The military community and Magistrate developed	Strengthened regulated local government
1784	Zemun Town Hospital began operating	Grew from the town’s unusually important sanitary institutions
1813	Refugees crossed from the collapsed First Serbian Uprising	Shows Zemun as a gateway and refuge beside Ottoman Serbia
1848–1849	Zemun became involved in revolutionary and Serbian autonomous politics	Reveals its complex identity inside the Habsburg lands
1871–1881	The Kontumac closed and the Military Frontier was dissolved	Ended two institutions that had defined the border town
1883–1884	Railway and bridge connections expanded	Drew Zemun and Belgrade into closer economic contact
1896	Millennium Tower opened on Gardoš	Expressed the Hungarian state’s millennial commemoration
1914	War opened across the river frontier	Zemun again faced Belgrade from the opposing side
1918	Zemun entered the new South Slavic state	Zemun and Belgrade belonged to the same country
1929	Zemun entered the wider Belgrade administrative territory	Began formal metropolitan integration
1934	Zemun municipality was absorbed into Belgrade	Ended its separate municipal status
1941–1944	Zemun came under German-controlled occupation in wartime eastern Syrmia	Temporarily separated it again from occupied Belgrade
From 1948	New Belgrade was constructed between old Belgrade and Zemun	Created the continuous urban landscape familiar today

Before Zemun: Taurunum Beside the Danube

Zemun’s history did not begin with the Habsburg Monarchy. The favourable position above the Danube attracted settlement long before the present town appeared.

Archaeological finds show prehistoric occupation in the wider area. During antiquity, a Celtic settlement known as Taurunum developed near the later Zemun centre. Rome incorporated the region and Taurunum became part of the province of Pannonia and the defensive system along the Danube.

Its precise ancient form is less well understood than that of Singidunum, the Roman predecessor of Belgrade. Taurunum nevertheless served military, river and transport functions. The two settlements stood on different sides of the Sava but belonged to the same wider frontier network. Ancient road connections and a possible crossing linked them.

This relationship should not be described as though Taurunum were already a Belgrade suburb. Taurunum and Singidunum were related but separate settlements. The modern municipality cannot simply be projected backwards onto the Roman landscape.

The official City of Belgrade history identifies both as Roman strongholds on the limes. For the larger chronology connecting them, continue to our Belgrade history timeline.

Medieval Zemun and the Fortress on Gardoš

After the end of Roman rule, the area passed through the spheres of Byzantine, Gepid, Avar, Frankish, Bulgarian and Hungarian power. Written references are intermittent, and the old name Taurunum disappeared.

Forms related to the Slavic name Zemun appeared during the medieval period. The name is generally connected with zemlja, meaning earth or soil, although medieval spellings varied across languages. German speakers later called the town Semlin, while Hungarian sources used Zimony.

A fortress developed on Gardoš, the hill above the Danube. Zemun’s position beside Belgrade meant that it repeatedly belonged to Hungarian, Byzantine or Serbian rulers according to the changing frontier. Control of the fortress was valuable because it guarded movement near the confluence and the approach to Belgrade.

Only parts of the medieval fortification survive: sections of wall and the remains of four corner towers. The famous tower standing inside them is much newer.

John Hunyadi, 1456 and the Tower That Came Later

John Hunyadi—known in Serbian tradition as Sibinjanin Janko-helped lead the defence of Belgrade against Sultan Mehmed II in 1456. After the Ottoman army withdrew, disease spread through the camps. Hunyadi died in Zemun in August that year.

His death created a lasting connection between Hunyadi and Gardoš. However, the tower now popularly called the Tower of Sibinjanin Janko was not built for him in the fifteenth century.

The present tower was constructed in 1896, 440 years after Hunyadi’s death. It was the southernmost of several monuments erected to mark one thousand years since the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin. It stood on the remains of Zemun’s medieval fortress and represented the late-nineteenth-century Hungarian state.

Local memory later joined the medieval defender with the newer monument. Both stories belong to the site, but they are not the same event. Calling it Gardoš Tower, Millennium Tower or the Tower of Sibinjanin Janko therefore highlights different layers of its meaning.

Ottoman Zemun and the Conquest of 1521

After the fall of the medieval Serbian state, Zemun remained strategically connected with the struggle for Belgrade. Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I captured Zemun during the 1521 campaign before taking Belgrade itself.

Zemun then formed part of Ottoman Syrmia. It was a smaller settlement than Belgrade and did not develop into an equivalent imperial centre. Inns, religious buildings, houses and military functions nevertheless formed an Ottoman-period town whose physical traces were largely removed by later warfare and rebuilding.

Habsburg forces took and damaged Zemun during the wars of the late seventeenth century, and Ottoman forces recovered it. The settlement’s position made stability difficult: any campaign against Belgrade was likely to involve the opposite bank, the river islands and Zemun.

1717–1739: Zemun Becomes a Habsburg Town

Prince Eugene of Savoy’s army captured Zemun in 1717 during the campaign that also took Belgrade from Ottoman control. The Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718 confirmed Habsburg possession of Zemun and other territories.

For a time, both Belgrade and Zemun were under Habsburg rule. That changed after another war. The Treaty of Belgrade in 1739 returned Belgrade to the Ottoman Empire while Zemun remained on the Habsburg side.

This division is the crucial starting point for understanding modern Zemun. The two towns could see one another across the rivers, but they were governed by different empires.

Belgrade developed again as an Ottoman city. Zemun became the Habsburg gateway facing it.

The distinction was political, military, sanitary and economic. It also became architectural.

Zemun’s churches, civic buildings, street regulation and houses emerged from institutions different from those shaping Belgrade across the Sava.

Two Towns Facing Across an Imperial Border

An imperial border was not simply a line on a map. It organised daily life.

Travellers needed documents and inspection. Merchants declared goods and paid duties. Soldiers guarded movement. Letters and news passed through controlled channels. People escaping war or political repression crossed in both directions. Authorities treated epidemic disease as another danger that might arrive from outside the empire.

The border restricted movement, but it also generated opportunity. Travellers needed food, lodging, storage, transport and administrative services. Merchants used Zemun as an entry point between Central European and Ottoman markets. The port connected the town with the wider Danube economy.

Zemun was therefore neither isolated from Belgrade nor merely attached to it. The two towns were deeply connected because they stood across a border, not despite it.

It is tempting to turn this into a simple contrast between “European Zemun” and “Eastern Belgrade.” That formula hides more than it explains. Both towns contained mixed communities and multiple influences. The meaningful difference lay in their governments, laws, institutions and urban development-not in a civilisational hierarchy.

The Kontumac: Quarantine at the Edge of the Empire

The Kontumac is perhaps the clearest institution through which to understand eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Zemun.

Established around 1730, it functioned as a quarantine complex for people, animals, mail and goods entering Habsburg territory from the Ottoman side. Travellers could be confined for a period determined by the perceived epidemic danger. Merchandise was inspected, aired, cleaned or otherwise treated according to contemporary sanitary rules.

The complex occupied much of the area associated with today’s Zemun City Park. It contained accommodation, administrative and sanitary facilities, guarded boundaries and places of worship. The surviving Orthodox and Catholic quarantine chapels preserve part of this otherwise largely vanished landscape.

The Kontumac did more than prevent disease. It concentrated movement through Zemun and required guards, doctors, officials, porters, merchants and suppliers. It helped shape the town’s economy and reinforced its identity as an imperial threshold.

Zemun’s medical institutions grew within this environment. Orthodox and Catholic confessional hospitals preceded the Town Hospital, whose founding is generally dated to 1784. A published history of Zemun Hospital connects the hospital’s development directly with the border quarantine and sanitary administration.

The precise end of the Kontumac requires careful wording. Sources distinguish between the cessation of quarantine functions, dismantling of facilities and later conversion of the site into a park. It is safest to describe its closure and removal as a nineteenth-century process rather than force every change into one date.

Zemun in the Military Frontier

In 1746, southeastern Syrmia, including Zemun, was incorporated into the Habsburg Military Frontier. This vast border system was administered separately from ordinary civilian territories and organised to defend the monarchy against the Ottoman Empire.

Zemun developed as a military community rather than simply an army camp. Residents lived under frontier regulations, while the town also functioned as a centre of crafts, trade and services.

Military-community rights and the establishment of the Magistrate gave Zemun a regulated form of local government during the mid-eighteenth century. Sources use dates around 1749 and 1751 for related stages in this development. The difference reflects the transition between granted status and functioning municipal institutions rather than two incompatible histories.

The Magistrate dealt with local administration, property, commerce, sanitation and public order within the frontier system. Its existence helped create the civic identity visible in Zemun’s later institutions and preserved records.

This is one reason the old centre feels like a town rather than a former military settlement. Zemun’s border role produced civic administration alongside defence.

A Multi-Confessional Danube Town

Habsburg Zemun was home to Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics, Jews and members of other communities. Its population included Serbian, German-speaking, Hungarian and other residents whose identities cannot always be translated neatly into modern national categories.

Religious institutions organised worship, education, charity and burial. They also gave the town its distinctive skyline and spatial structure.

Nikolajevska Church, constructed during the early Habsburg decades and later altered, became one of the central Orthodox landmarks below Gardoš. The Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary served another Orthodox parish in the lower town. Catholic institutions included the Franciscan church and monastery and the Church of the Assumption. Zemun’s surviving synagogue recalls a Jewish community whose homes, businesses and institutions formed an important part of the town.

The cemetery on Gardoš preserves Orthodox, Catholic and Jewish sections in close proximity. It is one of the strongest physical records of Zemun’s multi-confessional history.

This diversity should not be romanticised as uninterrupted harmony. Communities lived under different rules, and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries introduced political conflict, nationalism, antisemitism and ultimately mass persecution. But the presence of several communities was fundamental to the town’s economic and cultural development.

A scholarly study of the Jewish quarter and Zemun Synagogue provides useful archival and architectural context for this part of the story.

Trade, Fishing and Life on the Danube

Zemun faced the Danube as much as it faced the border.

Boats carried passengers, grain, livestock, timber, manufactured goods and news. The port connected local merchants with upstream Central European towns and downstream Balkan and Black Sea routes. Customs and quarantine slowed trade, but they also concentrated commercial activity in Zemun.

Craft guilds served both residents and travellers. Inns, warehouses, markets and transport services developed around movement through the town. Fishing remained an important livelihood and a lasting part of Zemun’s food culture.

This history explains why the quay is more than a modern promenade lined with restaurants. The Danube was Zemun’s road, workplace and economic horizon long before riverside leisure became its public image.

The loess hills above the lower town also shaped daily life. Cellars and underground spaces were cut into Gardoš, Ćukovac and Kalvarija for storage and other uses. Their cool conditions suited food and wine, although later stories about vast secret tunnel networks often exceed the archaeological evidence.

Zemun as Refuge and Gateway to Nineteenth-Century Serbia

As the modern Serbian state developed across the Sava, Zemun became a place from which events could be observed, supported or escaped.

After the First Serbian Uprising collapsed in 1813, refugees crossed into Habsburg territory.

Karađorđe and other political figures passed through or found temporary safety on this side of the frontier. Writers, merchants, printers and officials moved between Zemun and Serbian lands, carrying books, correspondence, money and political ideas.

The border remained controlled, but the societies on either side were not sealed from each other. Family, religious and commercial connections tied Zemun’s Serbian Orthodox population to Belgrade and the principality beyond it.

During the revolutions of 1848–1849, Zemun became involved in Serbian political organisation within the Habsburg Empire. This history demonstrates why “Habsburg town” does not mean a town without Serbian political or cultural life. Zemun’s identity was produced by overlapping imperial, local, religious and national affiliations.

From Military Community to Austro-Hungarian Town

The Military Frontier was gradually dissolved and its territory incorporated into civilian administration. By 1881, Zemun belonged to Syrmia County within the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, part of Austria-Hungary.

This sentence needs precision. Zemun was under Habsburg rule from 1717/1718 until 1918, but Austria-Hungary as a dual monarchy existed only from 1867. Calling the entire two-century period “Austro-Hungarian” is common shorthand but historically inaccurate.

The late nineteenth century brought new transport and civic infrastructure. A railway connection opened in 1883, followed by the railway bridge across the Sava in 1884. Zemun became more closely connected with Belgrade and larger rail networks while retaining a separate municipal identity.

Schools, hospital buildings, the post office, administrative offices and private houses expressed a prosperous civic town. The preserved old core contains Baroque, Classicist, Historicist, Secession, vernacular and later architecture. These should not all be described as one “Austro-Hungarian style.”

The old core itself is now protected as a cultural-historical ensemble. Its significance lies not in a single monument but in the relationship between streets, plots, houses, churches, public buildings and the Danube-facing townscape.

1896: What Gardoš Tower Really Commemorated

The Millennium Tower opened in 1896 as part of official celebrations marking one thousand years since the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.

Seven monuments were built at symbolically important locations across the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary. Zemun’s tower was the southernmost. Its position on the medieval fortress remains asserted both a historical narrative and the territory of the nineteenth-century state.

The structure soon became Zemun’s most recognisable landmark. Its later popular name, the Tower of Sibinjanin Janko, connected it with John Hunyadi’s death in 1456. The name is locally meaningful, but it should not obscure the reason the existing tower was constructed.

This layered symbolism is very Zemun: a medieval fortress, a fifteenth-century hero, a nineteenth-century state monument and a modern neighbourhood emblem occupy the same hill.

Zemun and Belgrade on Opposite Sides of the First World War

In July 1914, the Sava and Danube again separated opposing states. Belgrade was the capital of the Kingdom of Serbia; Zemun belonged to Austria-Hungary.

The first military exchanges took place across the rivers. Serbian forces destroyed the railway bridge to obstruct the Austro-Hungarian advance. Zemun experienced shelling, military control and a short Serbian occupation during the early campaigns. Authorities punished people suspected of supporting Serbia, while residents faced displacement and fear.

The town’s mixed population did not respond to the war as one political body. Imperial loyalty, Serbian national feeling, local survival and military coercion intersected differently among families and communities.

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary, Serbian forces entered Zemun in November 1918.

The town became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later named Yugoslavia. For the first time in centuries, Zemun and Belgrade belonged securely to the same state.

When Did Zemun Become Part of Belgrade?

The most common answer is 1934, but the complete history has four stages.

1918: The same country

Zemun and Belgrade entered the same South Slavic state. Zemun remained a recognisable town with its own municipal life.

1929: The wider Belgrade territory

Administrative reorganisation brought Zemun into the broader territory of the capital. This began formal metropolitan integration without immediately erasing every separate institution.

1934: Municipal absorption

On 1 April 1934, the municipality of Zemun was absorbed into the municipality of Belgrade. Its separate mayoral and municipal status ended. This is the clearest answer to the question of when Zemun became part of Belgrade administratively.

After 1948: Physical continuity

The open and wet terrain between old Belgrade and Zemun still prevented the two from appearing as one continuous city. Construction of New Belgrade after the Second World War gradually filled that space with blocks, roads, public buildings and industry.

The dates answer different questions: 1918 for the same state, 1929 for wider metropolitan administration, 1934 for municipal integration and the post-1948 decades for continuous urban form.

Zemun During the Second World War

The Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 separated Zemun from occupied Belgrade once again.

Zemun and eastern Syrmia were formally included in the Independent State of Croatia, while German military authorities retained direct control over the Zemun area for strategic reasons. Jewish, Roma, Serbian, antifascist and other residents faced persecution, imprisonment, deportation and murder. The Jewish community that had contributed to the town for generations was devastated in the Holocaust.

The nearby Sajmište camp creates persistent geographic confusion. It stood at the former Belgrade Fair on the left bank of the Sava. The territory was formally assigned to the Independent State of Croatia, but the camp was run by German authorities in occupied Serbia. It is located in modern New Belgrade, not the present municipality of Zemun, even though German documents called it Semlin, the German name for Zemun.

Zemun was liberated from Axis control in 1944 and became part of postwar socialist Belgrade. A complete history of Sajmište belongs in the wider Belgrade and New Belgrade articles; here, its role is to show how wartime borders again divided the metropolitan landscape.

New Belgrade Closes the Physical Gap

Organised construction of New Belgrade began in 1948. Over the following decades, a new administrative and residential city grew across the flat west bank of the Sava.

New Belgrade did not place Zemun on the opposite bank. It developed directly beside it. Today Zemun adjoins New Belgrade to the northwest, while old Belgrade rises across the Sava to the east and southeast.

Roads, housing blocks, industry and public transport created a continuous metropolitan landscape. Zemun’s lower town eventually flowed into newer neighbourhoods without a large undeveloped break.

Physical integration did not erase the old centre. Gardoš, Donji Grad, the quay and the historic streets retained a scale, silhouette and social memory formed before New Belgrade existed. For the twentieth-century city that grew beside Zemun, read our New Belgrade travel guide.

Why Zemun Still Feels Like Its Own Town

Zemun feels separate because it possessed the central elements of a town before Belgrade expanded around it:

• a recognisable old centre and street plan;

• its own Magistrate and municipal traditions;

• Orthodox, Catholic and Jewish institutions;

• a port, market, guilds and Danube economy;

• schools, hospitals and civic buildings;

• Gardoš as a visual and historical centre;

• family and local histories older than metropolitan integration.

Its architecture reinforces that memory. Church towers, narrow plots, low houses and the hill-town silhouette contrast with both old Belgrade’s Ottoman-to-Serbian development and New Belgrade’s modernist scale.

Local identity also survives through language and habit: people go “to Zemun,” not merely to another anonymous section of the capital. That everyday distinction does not mean Zemun is administratively independent or that all residents share one political attitude. It reflects a historically demonstrable urban continuity.

Zemun is now unquestionably part of Belgrade. But it was not a neighbourhood waiting to be absorbed. It was a town facing another town across the border.

Where to See Zemun’s History Today

Historical theme	Place that reveals it
Medieval Zemun	Gardoš fortress remains
Hungarian millennium	Gardoš/Millennium Tower
Orthodox civic life	Nikolajevska Church and Church of the Mother of God
Catholic Zemun	Franciscan church and Church of the Assumption
Jewish community	Zemun Synagogue and the Jewish cemetery
Military administration	Magistrate building
Border quarantine	City Park and the surviving Kontumac chapels
Danube economy	Old streets, market, quay and riverfront
Nineteenth-century civic town	Main Street, post office and preserved houses
Multi-confessional memory	Zemun Cemetery on Gardoš

These places are evidence, not isolated attractions. Together they explain how military government, trade, public health, religion and the Danube shaped the town.

For a practical route connecting Gardoš, the old centre, market and quay-with current visitor and food guidance-continue to Things to Do in Zemun.

See the Historical Relationship From the River

From Zemun quay, old Belgrade can appear surprisingly distant. From the river, their historical relationship becomes clearer.

Gardoš rises above the Danube. Great War Island occupies the confluence. New Belgrade extends immediately beside Zemun. Across the Sava, Belgrade Fortress stands on the ridge that armies, merchants and border officials watched for centuries.

The water reveals that Zemun’s story is both separate from Belgrade and inseparable from it. The river acted as road, workplace, military approach, quarantine boundary and state border before it became the centre of a shared metropolitan view.

Our Belgrade From the Water guide explains how to read these layers from river level.

A Belgrade Sunset Cruise adds the moving perspective: Zemun, Great War Island, New Belgrade and the fortress become parts of one historical landscape.

Belgrade Sunset Cruise

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Frequently Asked Questions About Zemun History

Why does Zemun feel different from Belgrade?

Zemun developed as a separate town under different states and administrative systems. Its old centre was largely shaped as a Habsburg military and commercial frontier town, while Belgrade across the rivers was Ottoman and later Serbian.

Was Zemun part of Austria-Hungary?

Yes, from 1867 until 1918. More broadly, Zemun was under Habsburg rule from 1717 or 1718. Austria-Hungary itself did not exist before 1867, so the complete Habsburg period should not all be called Austro-Hungarian.

When did Zemun become part of Belgrade?

Zemun municipality was absorbed into Belgrade on 1 April 1934. The two had belonged to the same state since 1918 and wider administrative territory since 1929. They became physically continuous as New Belgrade expanded after 1948.

What was Zemun called in Roman times?

The ancient settlement was called Taurunum. It developed as a Celtic and then Roman settlement connected with the Danube frontier and with Singidunum across the Sava.

What was the Military Frontier?

The Military Frontier was a Habsburg-administered border zone organised for defence against the Ottoman Empire. Zemun entered the system in 1746 and developed as a military community with local civic and commercial functions.

What was the Zemun Kontumac?

The Kontumac was a quarantine complex established around 1730. Travellers, animals, mail and goods entering Habsburg territory from the Ottoman side could be inspected and isolated there to reduce the spread of epidemic disease.

Why are there so many churches in old Zemun?

Zemun had Orthodox, Catholic and other Christian communities, alongside an important Jewish community. Their churches, synagogue, schools and cemeteries reflect the town’s multi-confessional population under Habsburg rule.

Is Gardoš Tower medieval?

No. The present Gardoš or Millennium Tower was built in 1896. It stands inside the remains of a medieval fortress, which is why the two periods are often confused.

Why is Gardoš Tower called the Tower of Sibinjanin Janko?

John Hunyadi, called Sibinjanin Janko in Serbian tradition, died at Zemun after the defence of Belgrade in 1456. The tower was built much later for the Hungarian millennium, but local memory connected it with Hunyadi.

Was Zemun part of the Ottoman Empire?

Yes. Ottoman forces captured Zemun in 1521, and it remained under Ottoman control—with interruptions during warfare-until Habsburg forces took it in 1717.

Were Zemun and Belgrade ever in different countries?

Yes. Most notably, after 1739 Zemun remained in the Habsburg Monarchy while Belgrade returned to the Ottoman Empire. Before the First World War, Zemun was in Austria-Hungary and Belgrade was the capital of Serbia.

What happened in Zemun during the Second World War?

Zemun was formally included in the Independent State of Croatia but remained under direct German military control for strategic reasons. Residents faced occupation, persecution, deportation and murder, and the Jewish community was devastated in the Holocaust.

Is Zemun still a separate city?

No. Zemun is a municipality and urban area within Belgrade. Its separate identity comes from its long history as an independent town and its preserved old centre, not from current administrative independence.

Where can you see Zemun’s history today?

The clearest places include the Gardoš fortress remains and tower, Magistrate, City Park and Kontumac chapels, historic churches, synagogue, cemetery, Main Street and Danube quay.